The Military Pamphlet is a FEDRA handout on the stages of infection, and it comes free with Joel's backpack, which you lift off a table in the smuggling tunnel early in Beyond the Wall.
A table with sketches walks through runners, stalkers and clickers: runners are fast and come in packs, stalkers hide and ambush, and clickers are blind but hunt by sound. The corner holding the fourth stage is torn away, leaving only a B and some question marks.
The missing stage is the bloater, which you first face a couple of chapters later in Bill's Town. Reading the pamphlet before your first infected fight is a handy refresher on how each type behaves.
Boston Q.Z. Map
The Boston Q.Z. Map is the first artifact in the game and you cannot miss it: it is already inside Joel's backpack when you pick the bag up off a table in the smuggling tunnel during Beyond the Wall.
Docks Note
The Docks Note is a gripe from one of Robert's smugglers, lying in the big warehouse at Mission Hill Pier where a fishing boat hangs over the loading bay. Look on the right side, against the railing behind a blue trash bin.
Drafting Notice
The Drafting Notice is a FEDRA work order lying in a heap of papers in the Boston slums. After the bus where Malick confronts Joel, walk straight on between a vendor's stall on the left and a canopy on the right; the notice is on the ground at the corner.
Glueck's Firefly Pendant
Glueck's Firefly pendant hangs from a tree branch in the Beyond the Wall section of The Quarantine Zone, so you have to knock it down. It belonged to Ben Glueck.